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Person Code
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NA8858
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Family Name
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Campbell
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Territorial Designation
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of Argyll
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Dates
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c 1225-
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Epithet
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dukes of Argyll (1701-)
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Activity
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It has been claimed that the Campbell family can trace its ancestry back to the early 13th century to an individual who married Aife (Eva), the daughter of Paul an Sporran, the royal treasurer and last of the clan O'Duin, descended of Diarmid, thereby acquiring the barony of Lochow. There was certainly a Gillespic or Archibald Cambel (d. c 1280) active in the 13th century who may have been the father of Sir Colin Campbell (d. c 1296), proprietor of territories in Argyll and Ayrshire. Sir Colin died in a conflict with the lord of Lorne, which started a feud which was not resolved until the marriage of the 1st earl of Argyll to the heiress of Lorne. His eldest son, Sir Neil Campbell, who was not born later than the 1260s, was knighted by 1290, and apparently died in 1315, succeeded him. In about 1312, Sir Neil took, as his third wife, the king's sister, Lady Mary Bruce. Their son, Sir John of Moulin (b ? 1313), nephew of Robert I, was created earl of Atholl. Sir Neil's eldest son, Colin Campbell, issue of an earlier marriage, is the first of the family known to have held the barony of Lochow, which he was granted in 1315. The family's possession of the hereditary keepership of the royal castle of Dunoon also dates from Colin's time. His son, Sir Archibald (or Gillespie or Celestin) Campbell, had succedded him by May 1343, when he acquired various forfeited properties by gift of David II.
Sir Archibald's grandson, Sir Duncan Campbell was created 1st lord Campbell by James II, 1445. His son, Archibald, died before him, therefore his title was inherited by his grandson, Sir Colin, 2nd lord (d 1493), who was created 1st earl of Argyll in 1457. In 1464 he was appointed master of the king's household by James III (1460-1488). He married Isabel (d 1510), eldest daughter and co-heiress of John Stewart, lord of Lorne, before 1465, and in 1470 he became Lord Lorne. In 1483 was made chancellor of Scotland. His eldest son Archibald Campbell, 2nd earl of Argyll, commanded the right wing of the royal army at Flodden in 1513, where he was killed. His eldest son, Colin (d c 1529) succeeded him as 3rd earl of Argyll. By 1514 he was high justiciar of Scotland and in 1517 was appointed one of the vice-regents for James V and lieutenant of the kingdom. In 1558 the Archibald Campbell (d 1558), 4th earl of Argyll, died and was succeeded by his eldest son Archibald (1530-1575), 5th earl of Argyll. The 5th earl led an army of protestants against Mary of Guise (1515-1560) in 1559, but he went on to support Queen Mary (1542-1587), excepting her marriage to Henry Stewart, lord Darnley (1545-1567), in whose murder in 1567 he has been implicated. He later became a supporter of James VI (1566-1625) and was made chancellor of Scotland in 1572. He married Lady Jane Stewart, 1553, natural daughter of James V, whom he divorced in 1573. He then married Lady Janet Cunningham, daughter of Alexander, 6th earl of Glencairn, but died in 1575 without an heir, and the estates and honours passed to his half-brother, Sir Colin Campbell of Boquhan, 6th earl of Argyll.
Colin's son, Archibald Campbell (1575-1638), 7th earl of Argyll, was made privy councillor in 1598 and in 1603 accompanied James VI to London to take up the English crown. He died in London in 1638. Sir Colin's grandson, Archibald, 8th earl, (b 1597), was created 1st marquess of Argyll in 1641 by Charles I. He command the covenanting forces against the royalist James Graham (1612-1650), 5th earl and 1st marquess of Montrose, but later worked within parliament for the restoration of the monarchy and placed the crown on the head of King Charles II at his coronation. Due to his co-operation with the Cromwell government, he was tried for treason and executed and forfeited in 1661. He had married his cousin, Margaret (1610-1678), daughter of the 8th earl of Morton. Their eldest son, Archibald, 9th earl of Argyll (1629-1685), had been imprisoned in March 1660 for refusing to swear adherence to the Protectorate, but he was subsequently released. Following his father's execution in 1661 he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle and sentenced to death and forfeiture. In 1663, however, he was once again released, his death sentence was rescinded and he was restored to his father's estates and title as the 9th earl of Argyll. In 1681 he was again accused of treason and sentenced to death but escaped from Edinburgh Castle only to be recaptured during an abortive attempt to invade Scotland on behalf of James Scott (1649-1685), duke of Monmouth, early in the reign of James VII (1685-1688). He was beheaded on 30 June 1685 and his estates were forfeited. Archibald Campbell (d 1703), 10th earl of Argyll, his eldest son, had offered his services to James VII (1633-1701) against his father's invasion in 1685. Having failed to recover the forfeited estates, however, he subsequently transferred his support to William of Orange (1650-1702). In 1689 he was one of the commissioners nominated to offer the crown to William and Mary and administered their coronation oaths in 1689. In 1690 he was appointed privy councillor and restored to his father's estates as 10th Earl of Argyll. In 1701 he was created duke of Argyll, marquis of Lorne and Kintyre, earl of Campbell and Cowal, viscount of Lochow and Glenisla, lord Inverary, Mull, Morvern, and Tyree. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Lionel Tollemache of Helmingham, Suffolk, and their son John (1680-1743) succeeded as 2nd duke and 11th earl on his father's death in 1703. A distinguished military commander, John served under John Churchill (1650-1722), 1st duke of Marlborough, during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). In 1711 he was appointed extraordinary ambassador to Spain and Commander-in-Chief of the British forces there. He led the royal army during the Jacobite uprising of 1715, obstructing the rebels' progress at the battle of Sheriffmuir, was governor of Minorca, 1712-1716, master-general of the Ordnance, 1725-1730, governor of Portsmouth, 1730-1737 and was promoted to field-marshal in January 1736. In 1740, following an anti-government outburst he was deprived of all offices. In return for his services in promoting the union of Scotland with England he was created baron of Chatham and earl (1705) later duke (1719), of Greenwich. He died without male issue in 1743 and his English honours lapsed, while the Scottish honours devolved to his brother Archibald (1682-1761), who became 3rd duke of Argyll, having already been created lord Oransay, Dunoon and Arase and viscount and earl of Ilay in 1706. The future 3rd duke had also been chosen as one of the 16 representative peers for Scotland in 1707, and continued to sit in the House of Lords from that date until his death in 1761. In 1708 he became extraordinary lord of session, in 1710 Justice-General of Scotland, 1711 privy councillor, 1721 lord keeper of the Privy Seal in Scotland, 1733 keeper of the Great Seal. He too had fought against the Jacobites in 1715. The 3rd duke died without issue and his own honours became extinct.
The family titles were then passed to his cousin, John Campbell (c 1693-1770), 4th duke of Argyll, son of the 9th earl's second son. He had a successful military career and in 1761 was made governor of Limerick. In that year he succeeded as duke of Argyll and became a representative peer of Scotland in the House of Lords and a privy councillor. John Campbell (c 1723-1806), second son of the 4th Duke, also forged a successful military career and when he died in 1806 was field officer second in seniority only to the Duke of York. From 1744-1761 he was member of parliament for the burghs of Glasgow and in 1765 for Dover. In 1766 he was created baron Sundridge of Coombe Bank, Kent, and in 1770 succeeded his father as 5th Duke of Argyll. George William (1768-1839), 6th duke of Argyll, had inherited the barony of Hamilton from his half-brother in 1799 before succeeding to the dukedom. He died without issue and the titles passed to his brother, John Douglas Edward Henry, 7th Duke of Argyll (1777-1847), and in turn to George Douglas (1823-1900), 8th Duke of Argyll, KG KT PC DCL LLD FRS. The 8th duke enjoyed a distinguished career in politics as lord privy seal, 1852-1855, 1859-1866 and 1880-1881, postmaster-general, 1855-1858, and secretary of state for India, 1868-1874, he was chancellor of the University of St Andrews and a trustee of the British Museum, he published much on philosophy and political economy and was created knight of the Garter, 1883, knight of the Thistle, 1856, and duke of Argyll in the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892. His son, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell (1845-1914), appointed governor-general of Canada in 1878, became the 9th duke and married Princess Louise Caroline Alberta (1848-1939), fourth daughter of Queen Victoria (1819-1901). On his death, childless, in 1914 he was succeeded by his nephew, Niall Diarmid, 10th duke (1872-1949), who died unmarried and was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, Sir Ian Douglas Campbell, 11th duke of Argyll (1903-1973).
The present [October 2003] duke, Torquhil Ian Campbell, 13th duke of Argyll, (and 6th duke of Argyll in the UK peerage), marquess of Kintyre and Lorne, earl of Argyll, earl of Campbell and Cowall, viscount of Lochow and Glenyla, lord Campbell, lord Lorne, lord of Kintyre, lord Inverary, Mull, Morvern and Tirie, baron Sundridge, baron Hamilton of Hameldon, and a baronet (Sir Torquhil Ian Campbell, Bt, of Lundie), hereditary grand master royal household in Scotland, admiral of the western coasts and isles, keeper of the great seal of Scotland, keeper Dunstaffnage, Carrick, Tarbert and Dunoon Castles, succeeded his father Ian Campbell, 12th duke, (b. 1937) in 2001.
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NonPreferredTerm
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marquess of Argyll (1641-1661)
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Notes
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See: 'Dictionary of National Biography'; 'The Scots Peerage' edited by Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms, (Edinburgh, 1904); 'Burke's Peerage' (London, 1999).
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